U.S. car firms plan launched in 2015 production of fuel cell vehicles
In China, Germany and Japan betting that electric cars, plug-in hybrid vehicles, the U.S. auto industry look to shift the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, a number of companies announced in 2015 in the United States launched the production model.
Some years ago, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles on the auto industry by the U.S. technology sector and a high degree of attention, even though these vehicles was much involved in the trial run, but other types of new energy models compared to hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology relatively mature, mainly the lack of supporting infrastructure.
Actively building the infrastructure
U.S. sales of Toyota's advanced technology research director announced, Toyota's fuel cell vehicles will be listed in 2015. It is understood that, in addition to Toyota, the GM, Daimler, Honda, Hyundai and many other car companies will also be hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the U.S. market scheduled for 2015.
Car manufacturers are working to realize the goal of five years after busy. According to the U.S. National Hydrogen Association, U.S. existing hydrogen refueling station 68, located mostly in California. Lack of hydrogen fueling stations, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles become an obstacle to large-scale promotion of the main reasons. Car manufacturers have realized this, started to increase fuel cell vehicles supporting infrastructure efforts. Car prices in hopes that by 2015, hydrogen refueling station in the United States everywhere.
Car manufacturers are actively looking for the hydrogen fuel supply channels. In May, General Motors signed with Hawaii hydrogen gas supply agreement, which will use parts of the United States Oahu 1000 km gas pipeline hydrogen to the hydrogen refueling station. GM expects to build in Oahu 20 25 hydrogen stations, each block of 300,000 hydrogen station will cost 50 million dollars.
Desire for policy support
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to promote a challenge, but it has reduced dependence on oil, and eliminate the discharge of pollutants two advantages. In addition, the hydrogen source more from existing technology, both the extraction, storage or transport, are not problems. In addition, the European Union, for example, the organization in 2020, sales of new cars in Europe to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20%. And compared to other types of new energy vehicles, zero emissions, zero emission hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to achieve this goal, more advantages.
"The level of environmental protection, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and lithium-ion battery car is no different, but recently shifted to the government will subsidize the lithium-ion battery car, but for general purposes, even the most difficult period in the enterprise, did not give up R & D development of fuel cell technology is still advancing toward the established goals. "GM Executive Director of the global fuel cell project Charles Furui Si said," Now we lack is the policy of continued support. "
Energy consuming countries to go low-carbon development model
International Energy Agency recently declared that China has 2.252 billion tons of oil equivalent, surpassing the U.S. as the world's largest energy consumer. China's energy bureau of the thesis was denied on the grounds that the data unreliable. In response to the new situation of global climate change, energy consumption is a popular topic of concern, needless to evaluate the amount of U.S. per capita energy consumption per capita in China five times, also tentatively explored not only the total energy consumption 10 years ago, half of the United States whether and when to become China's largest energy consumer. In China, two major challenges in 2020 fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 85% lower than the key, while the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP than in 2005, down from 40% to 45%. National Energy Board proposed to achieve this path, one of the reasonable control of energy consumption, the second is the development of clean energy.
At present, China is in the heavy and chemical industrialization phase and accelerated phase of urbanization, growth in energy demand is greatest, the most serious stage of environmental pollution. Increasing pressure on the international emission reduction, environmental issues have become increasingly prominent domestic context, China has been difficult for them to continue through the Western developed countries have issued a "high consumption, high pollution" industrial development model of economic development must be vigorously implement energy-saving emission reduction and efficiency, even out of a low-carbon economic development. Low-carbon economy with low power consumption, low emissions, low pollution-based, and its essence is to improve energy efficiency and create clean energy structure, the core is technological innovation, system innovation and development of the concept of change.
China's low carbon economy will have a profound impact on the energy industry. Consumption structure of China's current terminal, coal accounted for the largest, followed by oil and electricity, natural gas accelerated. Although 2020 is still China's main coal energy, but wind power, solar and biomass energy, represented by the new accounting will be greatly improved, including wind power, solar power (including solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power generation), tidal power generation.
After several years of rapid development, China's wind power and solar photovoltaic equipment manufacturing industry has made significant progress, the current production capacity and output have been ranked in the global forefront of industrial supporting capacity gradually increased, the emergence of a number of independent brand and innovation of local enterprises.
At present, domestic enterprises to enter the fan machine manufacturing more than 80, the nominal annual capacity of more than 30 million KW, much higher than the 2008 and 2009, two years of domestic wind power installed capacity, thus sparking a government and industry production capacity of wind power equipment excess worry. But fans from development to mature, to go through product design, prototyping and small volume manufacturing and high-volume manufacturing four steps, according to foreign experience, from prototype to small batch manufacturing at least a year, and for lack of fan machine manufacturing experience in business, this phase may last longer. Plus there are key components of domestic wind turbine supply bottlenecks, the current domestic production capacity of the fan should be much lower than the actual name of productivity, truly competitive market, enterprises, including foreign-funded enterprises in China, including a total of less than 20.
The solar photovoltaic industry chain, including equipment manufacturing and photovoltaic power plant developer and operator of two parts. China's solar photovoltaic cell manufacturing industry is driven to rely on overseas markets and develop. From the second half of 2008, the financial crisis on the impact of overseas PV markets fade, business orders decline, reimbursement period lengthened. Led the parties to the domestic solar industry, especially the polysilicon overcapacity concerns. At present, China's solar industry overcapacity, mainly in low efficiency of cell components and links, and high-purity polysilicon production is still in short supply, still imported from abroad. Cause part of actual production of polysilicon production capacity is far below the name comes from two main reasons, first polysilicon are chemical products, from the production line is completed to reach products generally require 1 to 2 years or more technology integration time, so that in many cases have been completed project's actual output is far below its design capacity; Second, the domestic part of the polysilicon enterprises due to technical reasons, the purity is low, unable to meet the European market for high-quality solar cell demand. The next few years, high-quality, yield and stability of polysilicon is still room for development.
In recent years, the Government has formulated a series of encouraging the development of new energy policies, in addition to all the new energy consumption are fully applicable to the Internet, share price and other policies, in 2005 specifically for wind power also issued a "wind power management requirements , "which clearly defines the wind power equipment localization rate to reach 70%, local production does not meet the requirements of construction allowed the construction of wind farms, according to Chapter imported equipment tax. 2006 also provides wind power concession bidding: Each bidder must have a wind power equipment manufacturers to participate, and wind power equipment manufacturers to ensure supply in line with the tender to provide the localization rate of 75% wind turbine commitment letter.
Although the localization threshold policy in early 2010 was canceled, but the last few years in the localization policy support, domestic and joint venture of the rapid growth of wind turbine manufacturers in 2007, the local wind turbine manufacturing market share of over 50%. That the domestic wind power equipment manufacturing industry is driven by the rapid development of the policy together, the market has not experienced the brutal competition in baptism.
Wind power equipment manufacturing industry is pulling in the domestic market protection policy and the dual role of promoting the rapid development of an industry together, the current local machine manufacturing companies already have some of considerable size and market competitiveness, the policy focus should fall on the follow-up of key technologies R & D, personnel training, and supporting industry support, etc., gradually withdraw the support of firm-specific, so that the market mechanism fully involved, and the whole industry will usher in the first round of market reshuffle, already have the production capacity, quality, stability and a certain technological innovation capability of a larger enterprise development, while some of the whole enterprise will be integrated or face out.
At present, solar photovoltaic cells rely mainly on overseas markets and an industry grew up spontaneously, has experienced a market competition and survival of the fittest, although there is excess capacity, price competition and fluctuations in market demand from overseas and other issues, but if the Government in the light V technology research and development, personnel training, market demand and market competition environment to cultivate other aspects of optimizing the system can give support, equipment manufacturing industry is expected to enter a phase of rapid development.
Maturing product performance
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle power systems, including storage of hydrogen gas tank, fuel cell to provide power, lithium-ion batteries store electrical energy as well as central nervous system of the vehicle electronic control system. Compared with pure electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the course of an advantage, for example, fully charged electric cars needs 7 to 8 hours, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles hydrogenation time of only 3.5 minutes. In addition, the Honda FCX Clarity fuel cell vehicle, for example, hydrogenation of a car driving range of about 386 km. GM production in 2015 the same level of fuel cell vehicles driving range of 483 km. In contrast, the same size of electric cars on a single charge of driving range is only 160 km.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to precious metals platinum as a catalyst, the high cost has been encountered in the course of its commercial problems. Prior to 2007, manufacturing a fuel cell car is almost 100 grams of platinum, common through the "driveway plans" a substantial increase in the use of platinum catalyst efficiency, manufacturing a platinum car use to 30 grams. According to GM's plan to make 2015 the average per vehicle use platinum to 26 grams, and strive in the next few years, further reduced to 10 grams.
According to Reinert introduced since 2005, Toyota has been the cost of fuel cell vehicles by an average of 90%. The next five years, Toyota will increase the technical level, the fuel cell performance more reliable, smaller, lower cost. Try the case in the absence of subsidies, control of the vehicle's average selling price of around $ 50,000.
GM has announced it is testing a new hydrogen fuel cell system, the system program installed in 2015 with mass production of fuel cell vehicles. And the Chevrolet Equinox fuel cell vehicles compared to a new generation of models of cell volume reduced by 50% and weight about 100 kilograms, the amount of platinum to reduce the 1 / 3, and the interior layout more reasonable.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to eliminate barriers to commercialization, Reinert recommends: "I hope that governments and the auto companies join hands, overcome difficulties."
Ching Group appointed Beth on lithium-ion battery research and development and testing
Ching Group announced that Zhejiang Beth Green Energy commissioned to undertake the "right way" brand electric and hybrid vehicles applies to the different specifications of the lithium-ion battery research, development and testing.
Project Agreement for the development and testing costs 15 million yuan. Was estimated to be 18 months (ie until the end of 2011).
The right way that research and development professional, effective and quality supply of electricity for our manufacturing reliable, customer oriented, more fuel efficient and produce less toxic emissions of hybrid vehicles is an essential. Group is not due to the development of its battery products from scratch, it entered into a technology development agreement will bring cost advantages.
High-purity silicon purification technology patented Excellence Award
Recently, Fujian Refining Co., South Ansan Jing, chairman Zheng Zhixiong silicon product patent for invention - the production of high purity silicon for solar cells, the method was the eleventh China Patent Award Excellence Award.
South An Sanjing refined silicon products Co., Ltd. is a handful of domestic raw materials with silicon purification technology companies. Its production of high purity silicon for solar cells, the method has a simple process, yield, low cost and no pollution, alternative advanced chemical vapor distillation.
In 2008, the company's high-purity solar grade silicon production of 5,000 tons in 2009 to 10,000 tons, respectively, the supply can produce 100MW, 500MW and 1000MW photovoltaic cells, breaking the foreign high-purity silicon for the production of solar technology blockade .
New batteries can be hot: Thin Film Solar Cells
With the increasing popularity of low-carbon concept, the battery can lead to a growing concern.
Used batteries and more pollution
Potential contamination of used batteries has aroused extensive attention. China is the world's number one dry battery producing and consuming countries, our data show that China currently has more than 1,400 battery manufacturers, battery production capacity in 1980 has surpassed the United States ranked first in the world. 1998, China's battery production reached 14 billion, the same year the world's total output of about 300 billion batteries only.
Such a large number of batteries, so exposed a big problem, and that is how much damage the batteries do not pollute our living environment. If the one on the 1st cell in the ground rotting, toxic substances can make it square meters of land lost value; throw a coin cell battery into the water, it contains toxic substances which cause 600,000 liters of water body pollution , the equivalent of a person's life, water; used batteries containing heavy metals cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese, etc., in which cadmium, lead, mercury is harmful to human body material.
Therefore, the collection and disposal of used batteries is very important, if disposed of improperly, may be on the ecological environment and human health, cause serious harm. Although advanced technology has given us the right direction, but the contamination still China's battery is not optimistic. Currently most of our garbage is mixed with used batteries together into the ground, over time, after the battery into decay, leaching of heavy metals, both could contaminate groundwater, and may contaminate soil and finally through a variety of ways to enter the human food chain. Biological uptake of heavy metals from the environment through the food chain biomagnification, step by step in the higher organisms, thousands of times more enriched, and then enter the human body through the food chain, resulting in savings of some organs in chronic poisoning, Japan Minamata disease is a typical case of mercury poisoning.
Thin-film solar cells SANDOVAL
When the domestic war battle it of polysilicon, the feast of thin film solar cells already quietly open seats. PV field as the two main "athlete", crystalline silicon cells and thin film batteries seem to pull a Championship.
As the name suggests is a layer of thin-film batteries thin-film solar cells was prepared, the silicon is extremely rare and easier to reduce costs, while it is both an energy-efficient products, but also a new type of building materials, easier and building the perfect combination. Silicon raw materials in the international market against the backdrop of continued tension, thin film solar cells has become the international PV market development of new trends and hot spots.
Although thin-film solar cells have already appeared, but the low photoelectric conversion efficiency, a higher rate of decay and other issues, a few years ago did not attract enough attention from the industry, market share is very low. With the continuous advancement of technology, photoelectric conversion efficiency was rapidly increasing, now more than two years ago about an improvement of 30% -40%, although compared with crystalline silicon cells is still a big gap, but with less material, simple process , low energy consumption, cost has certain advantages and is increasingly being accepted by the industry.
Accordingly, the following components of solar thermal, heat after polysilicon thin-film photovoltaic cells has become the hot new investment areas.
With crystalline silicon cells, thin film cells is much greater potential for cost reduction, mainly due to thin-film battery technology advances. Thin film solar production capacity next may reach 20% of the entire solar industry, while only 7.6% in 2007, showing that among the space.
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